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Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process under IBC

November 25, 2022 by Ankita Pugalia

Reading Time: 5 minutes

Previously, the winding up was dealt with under the Companies Act, 1956 / the Companies Act, 2013. Thereafter, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code was enacted in the year 2016 which came up with a new process namely the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP). CIRP aims to resolve the defaulting companies in a time-bound manner and maintain the company as a going concern status. The Insolvency Resolution Process for a corporate person is addressed in Chapter I of Part II of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Code).

Some highlights of the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) as stipulated under the code are mentioned below.

What Is Meant By Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)?
Who Can Initiate The Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process?
Consequences Of Initiation Of Corporate Insolvency And Resolution Process
Stages Of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)
Time Limit For Completion Of CIRP Process
Conclusion
Why Choose Incorp?

What is meant by Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)?

CIRP is the process of resolving the corporate insolvency of a corporate debtor in accordance with the provisions of the Code. The trigger for initiating the CIRP is the ‘DEFAULT’ by the corporate debtor.

The process of insolvency of corporate debtors under the code applies where the minimum default amount is INR 1 crore (INR 10mn). The minimum amount of default for initiating CIRP was originally INR 1 lakh, but the Government vide notification dated 24th March 2020, increased the same to INR 1 crore.

Who can initiate the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process?

If any Corporate Debtor commits a default, Corporate Insolvency Resolution can be initiated by filing an application before the Adjudicating Authority in the manner as provided under Chapter II of Part II of the Code.

CIRP may be initiated by either:

a financial creditor (FC) under Section 7
an operational creditor (OC) under Section 9
a corporate applicant of a corporate debtor under Section 10 of the Code

Consequences of initiation of Corporate Insolvency and Resolution Process

When insolvency is triggered under the code, there can be two outcomes: Revival of Corporate Debtor or Liquidation. All attempts are made to resolve the insolvency by either coming up with a restructuring plan or a new ownership plan. If the resolution attempts fail, the company’s assets are liquidated.

The primary aim of the code is to revive and save the CD (i.e, to resolve). Only once the CIRP fails, does the liquidation follow.

Stages of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)

STAGE I: INITIATION OF CIRP

The CIRP of a CD commences with an order from the Adjudicating Authority (AA), admitting an application to initiate the CIRP of the CD filed by a financial creditor or an Operational Creditor, or the corporate applicant. The date of this order becomes the insolvency commencement date (ICD).

STAGE II: MORATORIUM AND PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT

Declaration of moratorium under Section 14 of the Code.
Appointment of an insolvency professional to act as the Interim Resolution Professional (IRP).
On and from the commencement of CIRP, the control and custody of the corporate debtor is transferred to the hands of the IRP, so appointed and the powers of the board of directors or the partners of the corporate debtor shall stand suspended.
Public announcement in Form A by the Interim Resolution Professional to invite claims from creditors of the Corporate Debtor.

STAGE III: CONSTITUTION OF COMMITTEE

Collation, verification of the claims, constitution of the Committee of Creditors, and thereby preparation of the list of creditors.
Filing of report certifying the constitution of the Committee of Creditors and list of creditors to the Adjudicating Authority.
Holding the first meeting of the Committee of Creditors within 7 (seven) days of filing the report certifying the constitution of the committee of creditors.
The committee shall fix the expenses to be incurred on or by the RP and the expenses shall constitute insolvency resolution process costs.
The Committee of Creditors is the decision-making body of the Corporate Debtor, for the very reason that it is the investment and interest of these creditors which is at stake. Actions taken by the IRP/ RP are to be ratified by the members of the Committee of Creditors.

STAGE IV: APPOINTMENT OF RESOLUTION PROFESSIONAL

The IRP so appointed may or may not be appointed as the Resolution Professional (RP), and the same is decided upon by the Committee of Creditors in its first meeting.
The RP shall appoint two registered valuers to determine the fair value and the liquidation value of the corporate debtor in accordance with regulation 35.

STAGE V: POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE IRP/RP

The IRP or the RP may appoint any professional, in addition to registered valuers to assist him in the discharge of his duties in the conduct of the corporate insolvency resolution process.
The RP may sell an unencumbered asset(s) of the corporate debtor, other than in the ordinary course of business if he believes that such a sale is necessary for a better realization of value under the facts and circumstances of the case. However, the book value of all the assets sold in aggregate shall not exceed ten percent of the total claims admitted by the IRP.
The resolution professional shall form an opinion on whether the corporate debtor has been subjected to any transaction covered under sections 43, 45, 50, or 66 of the Code.

STAGE VI: INITIATION OF EXPRESSION OF INTEREST PROCESS FOR SUBMISSION OF RESOLUTION PLAN

The resolution professional shall publish brief particulars of the invitation for expression of interest in Form G. The public announcement states that the corporate debtor is undergoing an insolvency action and that all interested candidates or bidders are asked to submit a resolution plan that could be chosen.
The Resolution Professional shall check the eligibility of all the prospective resolution applicants and conduct due diligence.
The Prospective Resolution Applicant shall submit the resolution plan within the due date prescribed in Form G.
The plan so proposed must compulsorily deal with payment of the CIRP costs in priority, payment to operational creditors, and management of affairs of the corporate debtor on implementation of such plan. There are also other requirements laid down in provisions of the Code and regulations made thereunder which are required to be complied with.
RP will check whether the plan submitted by Resolution Applicant (RA) meets the basic criteria of the requirement of the Code.
The resolution professional shall submit to the committee all resolution plans which comply with the requirements of the Code and regulations made thereunder.
Thereafter, the committee shall evaluate all the plans, record its deliberations on the feasibility and viability of each resolution plan, and vote on all such resolution plans simultaneously.

STAGE VII: APPROVAL OF RESOLUTION PLAN

Where the resolution plan is approved by the members of the Committee of Creditors with 66% of votes, the RP shall file an application before the Adjudicating Authority for approval of the plan. Following this, Adjudicating Authority may, upon its discretion, accept or reject the same.
The resolution plan is implemented and becomes legally operative on the corporate debtor and all parties if the NCLT authorizes it.
The Tribunal may order the corporate debtor’s liquidation if the NCLT does not approve the resolution plan or it doesn’t receive resolution plan before the expiry of CIRP period.

Time Limit for completion of CIRP process

As per Section 12(1) of the Code, the CIRP shall be completed within a period of 180 days from the date of admission of the application to initiate such process. The Adjudicating Authority may grant a one-time extension of 90 days. The maximum time within which CIRP must be mandatorily completed, including any extension or litigation period, is 330 days.

However, in exceptional cases, the said time limit can be extended even beyond 330 days. The Supreme Court in the matter of Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Limited v. Satish Kumar Gupta and Others held that the Adjudicating Authority may extend the timeline for completion of CIRP beyond 330 days in exceptional cases where the relevant litigants could not be held liable for such delay and the said extension is in the interest of all stakeholders.

Conclusion

The Code is an important legislative reform that has strengthened India’s insolvency regime, helped address non-performing loans and increased overall recovery for creditors. The CIRP is a “creditor in control” model of restructuring the CD. This control is exercised through the IRP (and later the RP).

Why choose Incorp?

We at Incorp, have the expertise and skills to guide you and run the entire process of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process with experienced Insolvency Professionals and their team.

Our professionals offer Corporate Recovery and Corporate Restructuring services under the framework of Companies Act as well as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code.

Make your corporate insolvency resolution process hassle-free.

Talk to our expert today!

Pre-Packaged Insolvency Resolution Process for MSMEs

April 14, 2021 by InCorp Advisory

Reading Time: 6 minutes

With respect to the unique nature of their businesses and simpler corporate structures, the Indian Government has considered it necessary to introduce an insolvency resolution process for MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises).

In the pandemic, the government suspended the filing of applications for initiation of corporate insolvency resolution process in respect of the defaults arising during One Year beginning from 25th March 2020 till 24th March 2021.

The Government also considered it expedient to provide an efficient alternative insolvency resolution process to ensure quicker, cost-effective, and value-maximizing outcomes for all the stakeholders, in a manner that is least disruptive to the continuity of their businesses and which preserves jobs.

To achieve these objectives, the Government introduced a pre-packaged insolvency resolution process for Corporate Persons classified as MSMEs through Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC, 2016) (Amendment) Ordinance 2021 – 04-04-2021.

In this article, we help you understand the pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process.

First, Let Us Understand Who Are The Corporate Persons Classified As MSMEs?

Corporate Persons such as
- Any Company as per Companies Act 2013 or
- Limited Liability Partnership
  Registered as Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises based on the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act in 2006. However, it does not include any financial service provider.
Corporate Person should either be engaged in manufacturing or production of goods in any industry or engaged in providing or rendering services.

What Are Pre-packs?

“Pre-Pack” means a resolution of the Debt Amount of the Corporate Debtor through an agreement or arrangement with Secured Creditor/s. In other words, its restructuring of the Corporate Debt with consensus from the Lender.

Who Can Apply For The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process?

Only a Corporate Debtor is entitled to initiate a pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process. In other words, neither Financial Creditors nor Operational Creditors can initiate a pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process against Corporate Debtors.

Further, the amount of default for Corporate Debtor to apply for pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process shall not be more than One Crore Rupees.

What Are The Main Differences Between The Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) And The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process?

The time limit to complete the CIRP is 270 days, whereas pre-pack, in contrast, is limited to a maximum of 120 days with only 90 days available to the stakeholders to bring the resolution plan to the NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal).
In pre-packs, existing management retains control, while under CIRP, the resolution professional takes control of the debtor as a representative of financial creditors.
Litigation by erstwhile promoters and potential bidders under the pre-packaged insolvency process will be minimal in contrast to CIRP resulting in effective and timely resolution of debt of the corporate debtor.

What Are The Pre-requisites For A Corporate Debtor Classified As MSMEs To Initiate A Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process?

Corporate Debtor should not have undergone pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process, nor have completed CIRP during the last three years from the initiation date.
A Corporate Debtor under CIRP or liquidation cannot initiate a pre-packaged insolvency resolution process.
66% in the value of the Financial Creditor unrelated to Corporate Debtor need to approve the proposal of the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process and propose the name of Insolvency Professional for conducting the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process.
The majority of the Directors or the Partners of the Corporate Debtors have to file a declaration that
- Corporate Debtor will initiate pre-pack insolvency resolution process within 90 days;
- That the process is not initiated to defraud anyone and
- Declares the name of an insolvency professional proposed and approved to be as the resolution professional.
Corporate Debtor should pass a special resolution or approve with not less than three-fourths of the total number of partners, and pass the resolution approving the filing of an application to initiate the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process.
66% in value of the Financial Creditors unrelated to the Corporate Debtor need to approve the filing of the application before the Adjudicating Authority for initiating the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process.

What Are The Timelines Under The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process?

Within One Hundred Twenty (120) days from the date of admission of the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process of Corporate Debtor by Adjudicating Authority, the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process should be completed.
Within Fourteen (14) days of submission of application for initiating the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process, Adjudicating Authority should either accept or reject the application.
Within Ninety (90) days from the date of admission of the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process of Corporate Debtor by Adjudicating Authority, Resolution Professional should submit the Resolution Plan.
Within Thirty (30) days of receipt of the Resolution Plan, the Adjudicating Authority should either accept or reject the Resolution Plan.

Now, let us understand the duties and powers of a Resolution Professional.

Following are the duties of an Interim Resolution Professional before the corporate insolvency resolution process:

Prepare a report that Corporate Debtor is eligible to initiate the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process.
Prepares a report that the base resolution plan submitted by Corporate Debtor is in compliance with the provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2021 – 04-04-2021.
Submitting the report to the appropriate authority.
Perform any other duties as may be specified.
Public announcement of the initiation of pre-packaged insolvency resolution process in the case of Corporate Debtor.
Confirm the list of claims submitted by the Corporate Debtor.
Inform creditors about the claims on Corporate Debtor.
Maintain the updated list of Claims on Corporate Debtor.
Constitute the Committee of Creditors and convene and attend all the meetings.
Prepare Information Memorandum based on preliminary information memorandum submitted by Corporate Debtor.
Monitor affairs of management of Corporate Debtors.
Intimate Committee of Creditors about the breach of any of the obligations by the management of the Corporate Debtors.
File an application for the avoidance of transaction or fraudulent or wrongful trading before the appropriate authority.

Following are the duties of Resolution Professional during the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process:

Access to books of accounts, records and information available with Corporate Debtor physically or in electronic mode available with any information utility or with Government or with the statutory auditor or with any other specified person.
Attend all meetings of the Management of Corporate Debtor i.e., board meetings or meetings of the committee of directors or partners./li>
Appoint any accountants, legal or other professionals.
Collect all information about assets, finance and operations of Corporate Debtor to assess its financial position and the existence of any avoidance of transaction or fraudulent or wrongful trading.

Now, let us take a look at the Corporate Debtor

What Are The Duties Of The Corporate Debtor In The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process?

Within Two (2) days, prepare a list of claims with details, security interest and guarantees, if any.
Within Two (2) days, prepare an information Memorandum containing information relevant for formulating a Resolution Plan.

Responsibility Of Management Of Affairs Of Corporate Debtor

In the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process, the management of affairs of Corporate Debtor will be with the existing management i.e., the Board of Director or Partners as the case may be.
Alternatively, the Committee of Creditors during the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process having no less than 66% of the voting shares can resolve to vest the management of Corporate Debtors with Resolution Professional.

What Are The Considerations And Processes For Approval Of The Resolution Plan In The Pre-packaged Insolvency Resolution Process?

Corporate Debtor shall submit a base Resolution Plan within two (2) days of initiation of the pre-packaged insolvency resolution process.
The Resolution Professional will present it to the Committee of Creditors.
The Committee of Creditors may provide an opportunity to Corporate Debtor to revise the base Resolution Plan.
The Base Resolution Plan submitted by the Corporate Debtor should not impair any claim of its Operational Creditors.
Committee of Creditors upon rejection of the base resolution plan of Corporate Debtor may instruct Resolution Professional to invite a prospective resolution applicant to submit the resolution plan and decide the criteria that the prospective resolution applicant must fulfill and the basis of the evaluation of prospective resolution applicant.
Resolution Professional then presents the Resolution Plan which confirms all the requirements to the Committee of Creditors for its evaluation.
The Committee of Creditors evaluates the Resolution Plan and if they find it better than the base resolution plan, they shall select a resolution plan amongst them.
The Committee of Creditors shall, by not less than 66% of the voting shares after considering its feasibility and viability and manner of distribution and other requirements, approve the resolution plan.
Suppose the resolution plan submitted by the Corporate Debtor requires impairment of any claim, the Committee of Creditors may need the promoter of the Corporate Debtor to dilute their shareholding or voting or control rights in the Corporate Debtor.
Suppose the resolution plan submitted by the Corporate Debtor does not provide for dilution of shareholding or voting or control rights in the Corporate Debtor. In that case, the Committee of Creditor should record a reason for the same.
A Resolution Professional shall then submit the resolution plan approved by the Committee of Creditors to the Adjudicating Authority.
If the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that the resolution plan submitted by a resolution professional is in conformity with the provisions of the law, then within 30 days of filing an application, may approve the Resolution Plan.
If the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that the resolution plan submitted by a resolution professional is in non-conformity with the provision of the law, within 30 days of filing an application may reject the Resolution Plan.

Why Choose Incorp?

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2021 – 04-04-2021 tries to address the specific requirements of MSMEs relating to the resolution of their insolvency by providing an efficient alternative insolvency resolution process. At Incorp, we have the expertise and skills to guide you through the entire nuance of pre-packaged insolvency processes and thus maximizing outcomes for all the stakeholders.

Contact for consultancy on pre-packaged insolvency resolution process today